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　　In this fast-paced information age, how can Americans know

what's really important and what's just a passing fashion? Now more

than ever, we need a source that concisely sums up the knowledge

that matters to Americans -- the people, places, ideas, and events

that shape our cultural conversation. With more than six thousand

entries,The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy is that invaluable

source. Wireless technology. Gene therapy. NAFTA. In addition to

the thousands of terms described in the original Dictionary of

Cultural Literacy, here are more than five hundred new entries to

bring Americans' bank of essential knowledge up to date. The

original entries have been fully revised to reflect recent changes

in world history and politics, American literature, and,

especially, science and technology. Cultural icons that have stood

the test of time (Odysseus, Leaves of Grass, Cleopatra, the Taj

Mahal, D-Day) appear alongside entries on such varied concerns as

cryptography, the digital divide, the European Union, Kwanzaa,

pheromones, SPAM, Type A and Type B personalities, Web browsers,

and much, much more. As our world becomes more global and

interconnected, it grows smaller through the terms and touchstones

that unite us. As E. D. Hirsch writes in the preface, "Community is

built up of shared knowledge and values -- the same shared

knowledge that is taken for granted when we read a book or

newspaper, and that is also taken for granted as part of the fabric

that connects us to one another." A delicious concoction of

information for anyone who wants to be in the know, The New

Dictionary of Cultural Literacy brilliantly confirms once again

that it is "an excellent piece of work . . . stimulating and

enlightening" (New York Times) -- the most definitive and

comprehensive family sourcebook of its kind.

Preface

Introduction to the First Edition

The Theory Behind the Dictionary:

Cultural Literacy and Education

How to Use This Dictionary

The Bible

Mythology and Folklore

Proverbs

Idioms

World Literature, Philosophy, and Religion

Literature in English

Conventions of Written English

Fine Arts

World History to 155o

World History since 155o

 American History to 1865

American History since 1865 

World Politics

American Politics

World Geography

American Geography

Anthropology, Psychology, and Sociology

Business and Economics

Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Earth Sciences

Life Sciences

Medicine and Health

Technology

Photo and Illustration Credits

Index

　　~E.D. Hirsch, Jr. is the Linden Kent Memorial Professor of

English at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, and the

author of Cultural Literacy, The First Dictionary of Cultural

Literacy, and The Core Knowledge Series. Dr. Hirsch is a fellow of

the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and has been a senior

fellow of the National Endowment for the Humanities. He is

president of the Core Knowledge Foundation, a nonprofit

organization devoted to educational reform.Joseph F. Kett,

Commonwealth Professor of History at the University of Virginia,

received his Ph.D. from Harvard University. His works include The

Formation of the American Medical Profession: The Role of

Institutions, 1780-1860 (1968), Rites of Passage: Adolescence in

America, 1790-Present (1977), The Pursuit of Knowledge under

Difficulties: From Self-Improvement to Adult Education in America,

1750-1990 (1994), and The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy

(2002), of which he is coauthor. A former history department chair

at Virginia, he also has participated on the Panel on Youth of the

President's Science Advisory Committee, has served on the Board of

Editors of the History of Education Quarterly, and is a past member

of the Council of the American Studies Association.James Trefil,

the Clarence J. Robinson Professor of Physics at George Mason

University, is the author or coauthor of more than thirty books,

including The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. He is a fellow

of the World Economic Forum and serves on the advisory board for

Astronomy.~

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1，人在发脾气、感到精神受到偌大压力的时候，大脑就会分泌出一种称之为“去甲肾上腺素”的物质，这种物质具有很强的毒性，据说其毒性仅次于自然界中的毒蛇。

2，大脑异常活跃，就会大量分泌一种叫多巴胺的激素，它激发我们热情的斗争激素，而分泌过多能量，能量过多消耗，就易造成“过劳死”的现象。

但是，当该分泌的不分泌就会得帕金森或是痴呆症。

3，血液流通不畅的原因大致有两点：

一是精神压力。精神受压时，血管会收缩，血流会停滞。这种物理性变化，会大量损伤遗传因子，生成老年物质，让你的身体跑步进入老年期，进而加大患病的风险。

另一个血液流通不畅的原因是胆固醇或中性脂肪引起的血管阻塞。

4，胃里有一种叫幽门螺旋杆菌的细菌与白血球一接触，就会产生活性氧。活性氧变成氧化氢，再与胃里的盐分聚合，产生次氯酸，而次氯酸正是漂白粉。体内出现的漂白粉，若是再与尿素搅在一起，就变成了剧毒的致癌物。

最容易产生活性氧的是精神压力。

5，医生的三大法宝：语言、药物、手术刀。语言是把病人本身的自然治愈力引导出来的治疗。

6，从加害者的大脑发育过程来看，他们的精神结构正处于马斯洛学说的第一个需求阶段。他们由于还没有安全的需求，尤其对心灵的安全，处于不设防的状态，所以才反复实行那些社会公认的恶劣行为。

7，母子连心，孩子身上常会因母亲的精神压力而呈现特异性反应。而母亲没有染上病的原因，是因为在长期的生活中，历练出了抵抗力，但是孩子还没有，所以“越俎代庖”，只好被传染上。还有就是母亲把不安情绪磨叨出口，“母源病”。

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